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Humanity: the Recent Moral History
Humanity: the Recent Moral History
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Humanity : the Recent Moral History
This book is about history and morality in the twentieth century.It is about the psychology which made possible Hiroshima, the Nazi genocide, the Gulag, the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Pol Pot's Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia and many other atrocities.In modern technological war, victims are distant and responsibility is fragmented.The scientists making the atomic bomb thought that they were only providing a weapon: how it was used was to be the responsibility of society.The people who dropped the bomb were only obeying orders.The machinery of the political decision-taking was so complex that no one among the politicians was unambiguously responsible.No one thought of themselves as causing the horrors of Hiroshima.Jonathan Glover examines tribalism: how, in Rwanda and in the former Yugoslavia, people who once lived together became trapped into mutual fear and hatred.He investigates how, in Stalin's Russia, Mao's China and in Cambodia, systems of belief made atrocities possible.The analysis of Nazism explores the emotionally powerful combination of tribalism and belief which enabled people to commit acts otherwise unimaginable. Drawing on accounts of participants, victims and observers, Jonathan Glover shows that different atrocities have common patterns which suggest weak points in our psychology.The resulting picture is used as a guide for the ethics we should create if we hope to overcome them.The message is not one of pessimism or despair: only by looking closely at the monsters inside us can we undertake the project of caging and taming them.
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Moral Feelings, Moral Reality, and Moral Progress
This volume presents two closely related essays by Thomas Nagel: “Gut Feelings and Moral Knowledge” and “Moral Reality and Moral Progress.” Both essays are concerned with moral epistemology and our means of access to moral truth; both are concerned with moral realism and with the resistance to subjectivist and reductionist accounts of morality; and both are concerned with the historical development of moral knowledge.The second essay also proposes an account of the historical development of moral truth, according to which it does not share the timelessness of scientific truth.This is because moral truth must be based on reasons that are accessible to the individuals to whom they apply, and such accessibility depends on historical developments.The result is that only some advances in moral knowledge are discoveries of what has been true all along.
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The Sympathetic Consumer : Moral Critique in Capitalist Culture
When people encounter consumer goods—sugar, clothes, phones—they find little to no information about their origins.The goods will thus remain anonymous, and the labor that went into making them, the supply chain through which they traveled, will remain obscured.In this book, Tad Skotnicki argues that this encounter is an endemic feature of capitalist societies, and one with which consumers have struggled for centuries in the form of activist movements constructed around what he calls The Sympathetic Consumer.This book documents the uncanny similarities shared by such movements over the course of three centuries: the transatlantic abolitionist movement, US and English consumer movements around the turn of the twentieth century, and contemporary Fair Trade activism.Offering a comparative historical study of consumer activism the book shows, in vivid detail, how activists wrestled with the broader implications of commodity exchange.These activists arrived at a common understanding of the relationship between consumers, producers, and commodities, and concluded that consumers were responsible for sympathizing with invisible laborers.Ultimately, Skotnicki provides a framework to identify a capitalist culture by examining how people interpret everyday phenomena essential to it.
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Humanitarian Reason : A Moral History of the Present
In the face of the world's disorders, moral concerns have provided a powerful ground for developing international as well as local policies.Didier Fassin draws on case materials from France, South Africa, Venezuela, and Palestine to explore the meaning of humanitarianism in the contexts of immigration and asylum, disease and poverty, disaster and war.He traces and analyzes recent shifts in moral and political discourse and practices - what he terms "humanitarian reason" - and shows in vivid examples how humanitarianism is confronted by inequality and violence.Deftly illuminating the tensions and contradictions in humanitarian government, he reveals the ambiguities confronting states and organizations as they struggle to deal with the intolerable.His critique of humanitarian reason, respectful of the participants involved but lucid about the stakes they disregard, offers theoretical and empirical foundations for a political and moral anthropology.
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Moral Discourse in the History of Economic Thought
Providing an account of the development of economic thought, this book explores the extent to which economic ideas are rooted in moral values.Adopting an approach rooted in ‘pragmatism’, the work explores key questions which have been considered by economists since the classical political economists.These include: what degree of priority ought to be granted to property rights among all individual liberties; whether uncertainties in economic life justify investing political authorities with the power to stabilize business cycles; whether it is better to trust entrepreneurial initiatives to resolve societal dilemmas or to centralize policy-making in the hands of a benevolent government.The chapters argue that economic thought has evolved from an emphasis on "sympathy" (as defined by Adam Smith) and that there has more recently been a rediscovery of the significance of sympathy reinvented as "fair reciprocity" in the wake of the emergence of behavioural economics and its connection to evolutionary psychology. This key book is of great interest to readers in the history of ideas, political and moral philosophy, and political economy.
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Moral Progress
This inaugural volume in the Munich Lectures in Ethics series presents lectures by noted philosopher Philip Kitcher.In these lectures, Kitcher develops further the pragmatist approach to moral philosophy, begun in his book The Ethical Project.He uses three historical examples of moral progress--the abolition of chattel slavery, the expansion of opportunities for women, and the increasing acceptance of same-sex love--to propose methods for moral inquiry.In his recommended methodology, Kitcher sees moral progress, for individuals and for societies, through collective discussions that become more inclusive, better informed, and involve participants more inclined to engage with the perspectives of others and aim at actions tolerable by all.The volume is introduced by Jan-Christoph Heilinger and contains commentaries from distinguished scholars Amia Srinivasan, Susan Neiman, and Rahel Jaeggi, and Kitcher's response to their commentaries.
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Moral Panic
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